The influence of oxygen concentration on the composition of gaseous products occurring during the self-heating of coal and wood sawdust

This article deals with an assessment of the influence of oxygen concentration on the composition and amount of combustion products generated in the course of heating coal particles and wood sawdust at 150 °C. This was done both with normal air and at 15% oxygen in the air in an isothermal furnace. The generated gases were analyzed by a Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer. Results show that under both conditions, the same substances are formed: water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and aliphatic hydrocarbons. However, the quantities changed. At 21% oxygen, the concentrations of carbon monoxide and methane were higher than at 15% oxygen both in coal and wood. The oxygen concentration was also found to affect the rates of release of CO and CO₂. The rate of release of CO was higher at 21% oxygen, but that of CO₂ was higher at 15%, indicating two different mechanisms. In all cases, the concentrations of these gases were higher for coal than for wood. The results have implications for the specification of safe conditions of storage of coal and wood substances and the selection of safety measures.     

Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Muscle with Relation to the Growth of Two Marine Fish Species

Heavy metal concentrations in muscle and their relation to thegrowth of two marine fish species,including tonguefish( Cynoglossus arel) and mullet( Mugil cephalus),were studied. The samples were collected in Bach Dang estuary andconcentrations of heavy metals( As,Cd,Co,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb,and V) in muscle of the fisheswere determined. The result showed that the accumulated trend of heavy metal is different between fish species. The concentration of As,Zn,Mn,V,Cu,Pb,Co and Cd in tonguefish were 73. 7 ± 30. 6,22. 82 ± 4.87,3. 44 ± 2. 13,1. 61 ± 0. 15,0. 71 ± 0. 13,0. 45 ± 0. 24,0. 03 ± 0. 02 and 0. 02 ± 0. 02 mg·g-1,respectively. Meanwhile the concentration of Zn,As,V,Mn,Cu,Pb,Co and Cd in mullet were 83. 41 ±19. 68,9. 78 ± 1. 92,1. 36 ± 0. 54,1. 29 ± 0. 51,0. 65 ± 0. 12,0. 42 ± 0. 20,0. 06 ± 0. 03 and0. 03 ± 0. 01mg·g-1,respectively. Comparison of metal levels among thesespecies indicated that the concentrations of As and Mn in tonguefish were significantly higher than those in mullet,whereas Zn levels in mullet were found to be higher than that in tonguefish. There is no significant differences of Cd,Co,Cu,Pb and V levels in muscle between two species. Significant inversed relationshipsbetween concentration levels of metals and lengths of tonguefish were found for Mn,Cu and Zn,butnot for As,Cd,Pb,and V. There were no significant relationships between the heavy metal concentrations and the length of mullet. In general,decreasesof the heavy metal concentrations corresponded to the increases of fish body lengths,particularly for As,Co,Cu,Mn and V and the exception for Cd. Terefore reduced risks were associated with consuming biggermullet fish,and increased risks of As and Cd were associated with consuming bigger tonguefish in Bach Dang river mouth.     

Two-year measurements of surface ozone at Dangxiong, a remote highland site in the Tibetan Plateau

Measurements of surface O3 and carbon monoxide(CO) were made from September 2009 to August 2011 at Dangxiong(30.48°N, 91.10°E, 4187 m a.s.l.), a remote highland site in a southern valley of the Nyainqêntanglha Mountains in the Tibetan Plateau, China. The monthly mean O3 mixing ratio ranged from 29.1 to 51.4 ppb, with an average of 38.5 ppb, and the maximum value was observed in May. The average diurnal cycle of O3 concentration showed a minimum in early morning and a maximum in the afternoon, with a broader "high platform" from the late morning to the late afternoon, and resembled that of surface wind speed. The concentration of surface O3 was highly significantly correlated with tropospheric column O3 over the regions surrounding Dangxiong and with that of surface O3 observed at a site north of the Nyainqêntanglha Mountains, suggesting a good regional representativeness of surface O3 at Dangxiong. In the afternoon when stronger winds blew, surface air showed distinct features of free-atmospheric air, with higher O3, lower CO, and lower relative humidity(RH). The negative O3–CO and O3–RH correlations in most months indicate a significant influence of air masses from the free troposphere. Trajectory analysis suggests that air masses originating from the south of the site make a negative net contribution to surface O3 and a positive contribution to CO and humidity, and those from the northwest sector contribute conversely to the respective quantities.     

Spatial-temporal distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of nonylphenol and octylphenol in riverine outlets of Pearl River Delta, China

The aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta in Southern China are subjected to contamination with various industrial chemicals from local industries. In this paper, the occurrence, seasonal variation and spatial distribution of alkylphenol octylphenol （OP） and nonylphenol （NP） in fiver surface water and sediments in the runoff outlets of the Pearl River Delta were investigated. NP and OP were detected in all water and sediment samples and their mean concentrations in surface water during the dry season ranged from 810 to 3366 ng/L and 85.5 to 581 ng/L, respectively, and those in sediments ranged from 14.2 to 95.2 ng/g dw and 0.4 to 3.0 ng/g dw, respectively. In surface water, much higher concentrations were detected in the dry season than those in the wet season. In sediments, the concentrations in the dry season were also mostly higher. High concentrations of NP and OP were found in Humen outlet, likely due to high levels of domestic and industrial wastewater discharges. An ecological risk assessment with the use of hazard quotient （HQ） was also carried out and the HQvalues ranged from 3.6 × 10^-5 to 35 and 64% of samples gave a HQ 〉 1, indicating that the current levels of NP and OP pose a significant risk to the relevant aquatic organisms in the region.     

中国大气挥发性有机物控制现状及对策研究

大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)不仅本身具有较强毒性,而且是影响中国区域复合大气污染的重要前体物和参与物。近年来,中国不断加大对VOCs的管控力度,从制定政策体系、建立监测标准等角度采取了一系列的措施。但总体来看,中国大气VOCs控制仍存在许多问题。突出地体现在:基础数据匮乏,排放状况不清;法律法规滞后,污染防治与监管体系不健全;排放标准和监测规范不完善,控制技术亟需革新。基于此,本文从完善法律法规、健全制度体系和加强标准控制等方面提出了加强VOCs管控的思路和对策建议。     

西安市二氧化硫减排与环境空气质量相关性分析

历年环境统计数据和环境监测数据表明,2006年以来西安市二氧化硫排放量大幅下降,空气中二氧化硫浓度也呈下降趋势,空气质量有所改善,但由于减排措施实施的区域和力度的差异,不同典型监测点位二氧化硫浓度变化情况不尽相同,与我国北方其他省会城市相比,二氧化硫排放量虽然降幅较大,但城市空气中二氧化硫浓度降幅偏小,且工业减排量占总减排量的比例相对较小,因此,今后应高度关注二氧化硫减排工作中存在的问题,不断完善环境管理,多渠道多途径全面提升城市环境空气质量。     

DPD分光光度法测定水质中余氯的方法研究

采用行业标准DPD分光光度法(HJ 568-2010)测定水中的游离余氯,验证了去掉第一点的低浓度曲线的有效性。分别比较不同的显色时间对吸光度的影响,结果表明显色时间应控制在10min以内。     

不同季节辽河口营养盐的河口混合行为

分别于2010年4、7、11月对大辽河口水域进行了3个航次的调查,测定了水体中各形态营养盐的浓度.结果表明,各形态氮、磷浓度的季节变化明显.PO3-4-P、DOP、DTP和TP平均含量的季节分布相似:均为4月最高,11月次之,7月最低;而PP平均含量由大到小依次为11、4、7月.NO-3-N、NO-2-N的含量为7月最高,4月最低;NH+4-N、DON、PN的含量为4月最高,7月最低.4月NH+4-N为TN的主要存在形态,而7、11月NO-3-N为N的主要存在形态.NO-3-N、DIN、TN在3个季节的河口混合过程中均呈保守性;而NO-2-N、NH+4-N、DON在4、11月也是保守性的,但在7月为非保守性,在河口内部存在添加源.3个季节大辽河口水域的硅酸盐均呈现保守行为,11月平均含量最高,4月最低.     

氨氮浓度及基质对附着藻类群落组成的影响

为了了解水体富营养化过程中附着藻类群落演替规律,本文设置了0.5、1.5、2.5、5、10 mg·L-15组氨氮浓度,利用显微计数法研究了5组氨氮浓度下菹草和载玻片上附着藻类群落组成.结果表明,将相同群落组成的附着藻类接种到不同氨氮浓度下进行培养,在低浓度氨氮条件下附着藻类群落以硅藻门的舟行藻、异极藻以及蓝藻门的色球藻为优势藻,在氨氮浓度较高时则以硅藻门的舟行藻和异极藻以及绿藻门的纤维藻为优势属;在相同氨氮浓度下,基质性质影响附着藻类优势种群个数,载玻片基质上附着藻类优势种群数量小于菹草上的种群数量,但当氨氮浓度较高时,基质不仅影响附着藻类优势种群个数而且还影响附着藻类优势种,载玻片上绿藻门的毛枝藻(65%)的丰度远远超过附着在菹草上毛枝藻(1%).表明氨氮浓度及基质种类影响附着藻类优势种群组成.     

微生物电容脱盐燃料电池性能研究

以微生物电容脱盐燃料电池(MCDC)为研究对象,考察了反应时间、盐溶液浓度和电容电极对数对MCDC脱盐效率的影响.试验采用阳离子交换膜分隔阳极室与脱盐室,阴离子交换膜分隔阴极室与脱盐室.试验结果显示在处理5 g·L-1的NaCl溶液试验中,脱盐室溶液盐度先降低后升高,在反应运行30 min时,脱盐室达到最大脱盐率47.83%.同时发现在脱盐过程中,阳极室和阴极室溶液盐度持续降低,运行150 min后分别下降到15.24%和6.12%.随盐溶液浓度的增加,脱盐率降低,单位电极吸附量增加,根据Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程的线性拟合得到,MCDC最大脱盐吸附容量为72.99 mg·g-1,电容吸附为复杂度的双分子层吸附.电极对数从1对增加到4对,MCDC的脱盐效率提高了37.37%.通过电容电极反接,可在1 h内实现电容再生.